↑ Some years in the article are given according to the Seleucid era. Each Seleucid year started in the late autumn of a Gregorian year; thus, a Seleucid year overlaps two Gregorian ones.[1]
↑ Justin wrote that Cleopatra III "made two daughters husbandless by marrying them to their brothers in turn".[37] This, in Christopher J. Bennett's view, indicates the divorce of Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemaios X; it directly claimed that each of Cleopatra III's sons was forced to divorce his sister by the queen mother. It is known that Ptolemaios IX was forced to divorce Cleopatra IV, who, afterwards, was never in a position where the queen mother could force her to be divorced from Ptolemaios X. This leaves a forced divorce between Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemaios X as the only possible option to explain Justin's remark.[38]
↑ The numismatist Arthur Houghton suggested the year 97 BC for Antiochus VIII's assassination because the coins of his son Seleukos VI suggest an earlier date than 96 BC.[43] This is contested by the numismatist Oliver D. Hoover who noted that Houghton's reason for lowering Antiochus VIII's death year was Seleukos VI's unusually high coin production, but it was not rare for a king to double his production in a single year at times of need; hence, the year 96 BC remains more possible.[44]
↑ In the view of John Whitehorne, Cleopatra Selene stayed in the palace under Herakleon then fled to Antiochus IX in Antioch after realizing that Herakleon would never be accepted as king.[46] There is no evidence that Herakleon ever controlled Antioch, and the place where he assassinated his king is not known.[47]
↑ The age of Selene raised questions amongst modern historians; it is known that the queen bore two children for her step-son husband, and Edwyn Bevan suggested that the wife of Antiochus X was a younger woman who was also named "Selene". Macurdy rejected this hypothesis for several reasons; Appian made it clear that Cleopatra Selene who married Antiochus X was the same woman who married Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX. Eusebius confirmed that Cleopatra Selene, the wife of Ptolemaios IX, was the same woman who later married the Seleucid kings. Also, the wife of Antiochus X sent her children to Rome to petition the senate for their rights on the Ptolemaic throne and a woman with no direct connections to the royal family would not make such a claim.[52]
↑ The succession of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII in the aftermath of Antiochus XII's death is not mentioned by ancient literary sources and is reconstructed using numismatic evidence.[64]
↑ In 1949, one of them, from the collection of Henri Arnold Seyrig, was dated by Alfred Bellinger to 92 BC leading some modern historians, such as Kay Ehling, to propose that Cleopatra Selene ruled Antioch in the interval between the death of her last husband and the arrival of Demetrius III.[66] Bellinger himself had doubts regarding his own dating which he expressed in 1952;[67] this coin is dated to c. 82 BC by many twenty first century numismatists.[66]
↑ The Romans generally accepted Ptolemaios XII as legitimate.[21] Many ancient writers questioned Ptolemaios XII's legitimacy; Pompeius Trogus called him a "nothos" (bastard), while Pausanias wrote that Berenice III was Ptolemaios IX's only legitimate offspring.[96]Michael Grant suggested that Ptolemaios XII's mother was a Syrian or a partly Greek concubine while Günther Hölbl suggested that she was an Egyptian elite.[94] Robert Steven Bianchi declared that "there is unanimity amongst genealogists that the identification, and hence ethnicity, of the maternal grandmother of Cleopatra VIII is currently not known".[97]
↑ Ptolemaios IX might have married Cleopatra IV while a prince ruling Cyprus; no other Ptolemaic king married his sister before ascending the throne.[30] Christopher J. Bennett suggested that Ptolemaios IX's marriage to Cleopatra IV breached important rules of the dynasty: incest was not part of Greek culture and Ptolemaic brother-sister marriages were justified by the divinity of the king; a prince marrying his sister was an act of claiming divinity enjoyed only by the king,[100] and any children born to a prince and his sister before his ascension were likely to be considered illegitimate by the royal family.[101]
↑ Ptolemaios XI, son of Ptolemaios X, was among the princes captured by Mithridates VI and escaped, but it is known that Mithridates still had two Egyptian princes in his hands. Ptolemaios XII and his brother Ptolemaios of Cyprus were in Syria before being called to Egypt following Ptolemaios XI's death; according to Whitehorne, this could be explained with them being the two children of Cleopatra Selene who made it to Syria from Pontus when Mithridates' son in law Tigranes II conquered it.[103] But Whitehorne then noted that the tradition of Ptolemaios XII's illegitimacy is mentioned by contemporary authors and that Cleopatra Selene confirmed it when she tried to oust Ptolemaios XII from Egypt in the 70s BC and replace him with one of her legitimate children.[104]
↑ Walter Gustav Albrecht Otto and Hermann Bengtson also argued that Ptolemaios XII and his brother were the two children of Ptolemaios IX and Cleopatra Selene mentioned by Justin; they explained the illegitimacy claims as a tool exploited by influential Romans who were hoping to benefit from Ptolemaios XI's will which allegedly bequeathed Egypt to Rome.[95]
↑ Cassius Dio mentioned a certain "Seleukos" who appeared in 58 BC as a husband of Berenice IV whom she had killed, while Strabo mentioned that the Syrian husband had the epithet "Kybiosaktes" ("salt-fish dealer") and pretended to be of Seleucid lineage before being killed by the queen. Thus, Bellinger named Berenice IV's short-lived husband Seleukos Kybiosaktes.[80]Eusebius, who took the information from Porphyry, wrote that Antiochus X himself asked for Berenice's hand but died of a sudden illness,[57] and he is suspected to be the same as Kybiosaktes by Edwyn Bevan. The parallels between the accounts of Cassius Dio and Strabo suggest that those historians were writing about the same person, and modern scholarship has come to identify Cleopatra Selene's unnamed son with Seleukos Kybiosaktes but this remain a theory.[113]
↑ Burgess suggested that Cleopatra Selene minted coinage in the name of both Antiochus XIII and his brother. Such a scenario is unprecedented in Seleucid history. Since "Philometor" appears on Kritt's coin, which is the same epithet borne by Antiochus XIII under the regency of his mother, then it is almost certain that Kritt's coin also belonged to Antiochus XIII.[84]
